Python Tkinter：面向对象设计中的跨类数据访问策略

import tkinter as tk

class GameObject:
    """所有游戏对象的基类"""
    def __init__(self, canvas, x, y, width, height, color):
        self.canvas = canvas
        self.id = canvas.create_rectangle(x, y, x + width, y + height, fill=color)
        self.x1, self.y1, self.x2, self.y2 = canvas.coords(self.id)

    def get_position(self):
        """获取对象的当前坐标 (x1, y1, x2, y2)"""
        self.x1, self.y1, self.x2, self.y2 = self.canvas.coords(self.id)
        return self.x1, self.y1, self.x2, self.y2

    def move(self, dx, dy):
        """移动对象"""
        self.canvas.move(self.id, dx, dy)
        self.x1, self.y1, self.x2, self.y2 = self.canvas.coords(self.id)

class Paddle(GameObject):
    """挡板类"""
    def __init__(self, canvas, x, y, width, height, color="blue"):
        super().__init__(canvas, x, y, width, height, color)

class Ball(GameObject):
    """球类"""
    def __init__(self, canvas, x, y, radius, color="red", paddle=None):
        # 球通常是圆形，这里为了简化继承GameObject，仍用矩形表示
        super().__init__(canvas, x, y, radius*2, radius*2, color)
        self.paddle = paddle # 注入Paddle实例
        self.dx = 3
        self.dy = 3

    def update(self):
        """更新球的位置并检查与挡板的交互"""
        self.move(self.dx, self.dy)
        ball_pos = self.get_position()

        if self.paddle:
            paddle_pos = self.paddle.get_position()
            # 简单示例：检查球是否与挡板重叠（实际碰撞检测会更复杂）
            if (ball_pos[2] > paddle_pos[0] and ball_pos[0] < paddle_pos[2] and
                ball_pos[3] > paddle_pos[1] and ball_pos[1] < paddle_pos[3]):
                print("球碰到挡板了！")
                # 假设碰到挡板后球反弹
                self.dy *= -1

# 游戏主逻辑示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
    root = tk.Tk()
    root.title("Tkinter 跨类对象访问示例")
    canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=400, height=300, bg="lightgray")
    canvas.pack()

    # 创建Paddle实例
    game_paddle = Paddle(canvas, 150, 280, 100, 15)

    # 创建Ball实例，并将Paddle实例注入
    game_ball = Ball(canvas, 190, 200, 10, paddle=game_paddle)

    # 模拟游戏循环
    def game_loop():
        game_ball.update()
        root.after(20, game_loop) # 每20毫秒调用一次

    game_loop()
    root.mainloop()

import tkinter as tk

# GameObject, Paddle类与上面相同，此处省略重复定义

class Ball(GameObject):
    """球类"""
    def __init__(self, canvas, x, y, radius, color="red"):
        super().__init__(canvas, x, y, radius*2, radius*2, color)
        self.dx = 3
        self.dy = 3

    def update(self):
        """更新球的位置"""
        self.move(self.dx, self.dy)
        # 球只负责移动，不直接持有或管理碰撞对象

    def check_collision(self, other_object):
        """
        检查球与任何其他游戏对象的碰撞。
        other_object 可以是 Paddle, Brick 或任何 GameObject 子类。
        """
        ball_pos = self.get_position()
        other_pos = other_object.get_position()

        # 简单的AABB碰撞检测
        if (ball_pos[2] > other_pos[0] and ball_pos[0] < other_pos[2] and
            ball_pos[3] > other_pos[1] and ball_pos[1] < other_pos[3]):
            print(f"球碰到 {type(other_object).__name__} 了！")
            self.dy *= -1 # 示例：碰撞后反弹
            return True
        return False

# 游戏主逻辑示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
    root = tk.Tk()
    root.title("Tkinter 跨类对象访问示例 - 方法参数注入")
    canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=400, height=300, bg="lightgray")
    canvas.pack()

    game_paddle = Paddle(canvas, 150, 280, 100, 15)
    game_ball = Ball(canvas, 190, 200, 10) # Ball不再在构造函数中接收paddle

    # 模拟游戏循环
    def game_loop():
        game_ball.update()

        # 在游戏循环中，显式地将paddle传递给ball的碰撞检测方法
        if game_ball.check_collision(game_paddle):
            # 碰撞后的逻辑
            pass 

        # 也可以检测与其他对象的碰撞，例如多个砖块
        # brick1 = Brick(...)
        # if game_ball.check_collision(brick1):
        #     pass

        root.after(20, game_loop)

    game_loop()
    root.mainloop()