parent轴和../是XPath中选择父节点的等价方式，前者为完整语法，后者为简写形式，效果完全相同，常用于简化表达式或提高可读性。
XPath 中
parent轴和
../实际上是同一件事，它们都用于选择当前节点的父节点。简单来说，它们是同义词，效果完全一样。
XPath 中，
parent::node()用于选择当前节点的父节点，而
../是
parent::node()的简写形式。
为什么要有两种写法？
XPath 设计之初就考虑到了语法的简洁性。
../这种简写方式更易于阅读和书写，尤其是在复杂的 XPath 表达式中，可以减少冗余，提高效率。
举例说明
假设我们有如下 XML 结构：
The Lord of the Rings J.R.R. Tolkien
如果当前节点是
</pre> 节点，那么以下两种 XPath 表达式都会选择 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;"><book></pre> 节点：</p> <ul> <li><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent::book</pre></li> <li><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">../</pre></li> </ul> <p>它们的效果是完全一样的。</p> <h3>何时使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent::node()</pre>，何时使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">../</pre>？</h3> <p>通常情况下，建议使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">../</pre>，因为它更简洁。但在某些特殊情况下，你可能需要使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent::node()</pre>，例如：</p> <ul> <li> <strong>需要指定节点类型：</strong> <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent::element()</pre> 可以选择父元素节点，<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent::node()</pre> 可以选择任何类型的父节点（包括元素、文本、注释等）。虽然大多数时候我们关心的是元素节点，但如果你需要更精确的控制，<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent::node()</pre> 就派上用场了。</li> <li> <strong>为了代码的可读性：</strong> 在一些复杂的 XPath 表达式中，显式地使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent::node()</pre> 可以更清楚地表达你的意图，提高代码的可读性。</li> </ul> <h3><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">../</pre> 的局限性</h3> <p>值得注意的是，<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">../</pre> 只能选择直接父节点。如果你需要选择祖父节点或更高级别的祖先节点，你需要使用多个 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">../</pre>，例如 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">../../</pre> 选择祖父节点。或者，你可以使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">ancestor</pre> 轴，例如 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">ancestor::bookstore</pre> 选择所有 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;"><bookstore></pre> 祖先节点。</p><div class="aritcle_card flexRow"> <div class="artcardd flexRow"> <a class="aritcle_card_img" href="/ai/1860" title="Remove.bg"><img src="https://img.php.cn/upload/ai_manual/000/969/633/68b6c64a1f03a848.png" alt="Remove.bg"></a> <div class="aritcle_card_info flexColumn"> <a href="/ai/1860" title="Remove.bg">Remove.bg</a> <p>AI在线抠图软件，图片去除背景</p> </div> <a href="/ai/1860" title="Remove.bg" class="aritcle_card_btn flexRow flexcenter"><b></b><span>下载</span> </a> </div> </div> <h3>如何利用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent</pre> 轴进行更复杂的操作？</h3> <p>除了简单的选择父节点，<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent</pre> 轴还可以与其他 XPath 表达式结合，实现更复杂的操作。例如，你可以使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent</pre> 轴来检查父节点的属性：</p><pre class='brush:xpath;toolbar:false;'>../@attribute_name</pre><p>这个表达式会选择当前节点的父节点，并获取其 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">attribute_name</pre> 属性的值。</p> <p>或者，你可以使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent</pre> 轴来检查父节点是否存在：</p><pre class='brush:xpath;toolbar:false;'>count(..) > 0</pre><p>这个表达式会判断当前节点是否存在父节点。如果存在，则返回 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">true</pre>，否则返回 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">false</pre>。</p> <h3>在实际开发中，应该注意哪些问题？</h3> <ul> <li> <strong>性能问题：</strong> 在处理大型 XML 文档时，复杂的 XPath 表达式可能会影响性能。因此，尽量使用简洁的 XPath 表达式，避免不必要的计算。</li> <li> <strong>命名空间问题：</strong> 如果 XML 文档使用了命名空间，你需要在使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent</pre> 轴时指定命名空间。例如，如果 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;"><book></pre> 节点位于 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">http://example.com/books</pre> 命名空间中，你需要使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent::bk:book</pre> 来选择父节点，其中 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">bk</pre> 是命名空间前缀。</li> </ul> <h3>如何调试 XPath 表达式？</h3> <p>调试 XPath 表达式可能是一项挑战，尤其是在处理复杂的表达式时。以下是一些有用的调试技巧：</p> <ul> <li> <strong>使用 XPath 测试<a style="color:#f60; text-decoration:underline;" title="工具" href="https://www.php.cn/zt/16887.html" target="_blank">工具</a>：</strong> 许多 XML 编辑器和 IDE 都提供了 XPath 测试工具，可以让你在实际的 XML 文档上运行 XPath 表达式，并查看结果。</li> <li> <strong>逐步调试：</strong> 将复杂的 XPath 表达式分解成更小的部分，逐步调试每个部分，以找出问题所在。</li> <li> <strong>使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">string()</pre> 函数：</strong> <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">string()</pre> 函数可以将节点转换为字符串，方便你查看节点的内容。例如，你可以使用 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">string(..)</pre> 来查看父节点的内容。</li> </ul> <p>总而言之，<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">parent</pre> 轴和 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">../</pre> 是 XPath 中用于选择父节点的两种方式，它们是等价的。在实际开发中，建议使用 <pre 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