通过查询pg_locks和pg_stat_activity视图可及时发现锁等待，结合锁类型与表名解析定位阻塞源，配置日志与监控预防长事务，优化事务设计以减少阻塞。
PostgreSQL中锁等待和阻塞是影响数据库性能的常见问题，尤其在高并发场景下容易引发查询变慢甚至连接堆积。要有效应对这类问题，关键在于及时发现、准确定位和快速处理。
查看当前锁等待状态
PostgreSQL通过系统视图pg_locks暴露锁信息，结合pg_stat_activity可以识别哪些会话正在等待锁。
以下查询可列出当前存在锁等待的进程：
SELECT blocked_locks.pid AS blocked_pid,
blocked_activity.usename AS blocked_user,
blocking_locks.pid AS blocking_pid,
blocking_activity.usename AS blocking_user,
blocked_activity.query AS blocked_query,
blocking_activity.query AS blocking_query,
NOW() - blocked_activity.query_start AS blocked_duration
FROM pg_catalog.pg_locks blocked_locks
JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocked_activity ON blocked_activity.pid = blocked_locks.pid
JOIN pg_catalog.pg_locks blocking_locks ON blocking_locks.locktype = blocked_locks.locktype
AND blocking_locks.DATABASE IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.DATABASE
AND blocking_locks.relation IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.relation
AND blocking_locks.page IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.page
AND blocking_locks.tuple IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.tuple
AND blocking_locks.virtualxid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.virtualxid
AND blocking_locks.transactionid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.transactionid
AND blocking_locks.classid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.classid
AND blocking_locks.objid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objid
AND blocking_locks.objsubid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objsubid
AND blocking_locks.pid != blocked_locks.pid
JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocking_activity ON blocking_activity.pid = blocking_locks.pid
WHERE NOT blocked_locks.GRANTED;
该语句返回被阻塞进程与阻塞源的信息，包括SQL语句、用户、等待时长等，是排查阻塞的第一手资料。
分析锁类型和对象
理解不同锁类型有助于判断阻塞原因。pg_locks中的locktype字段常见的值包括：
- relation：表级锁，通常由DDL或显式LOCK TABLE引起
- tuple：行级锁，UPDATE/DELETE操作产生
- transactionid：事务ID锁，常见于MVCC冲突
- virtualxid：虚拟事务锁，常用于轻量级并发控制
结合pg_class可将relation OID转换为表名：
SELECT c.relname FROM pg_class c WHERE c.oid = '12345';
这能帮助你确认具体是哪张表被锁定，进一步检查对应SQL逻辑。
主动监控与预防措施
长期运行的事务是锁等待的主要诱因。可通过以下方式提前预警：
- 设置log_lock_waits = on，记录超过指定时间的锁等待（配合deadlock_timeout）
- 启用track_activities = on确保pg_stat_activity信息完整
- 定期巡检长时间运行的会话：
SELECT pid, usename, query, NOW() - query_start AS duration FROM pg_stat_activity
WHERE state != 'idle' AND NOW() - query_start > interval '5 minutes'
ORDER BY duration DESC;
对于应用层，建议：
- 避免在事务中执行耗时操作（如网络调用）
- 使用短事务，尽快提交或回滚
- 合理使用SELECT FOR UPDATE或NOWAIT避免无限等待
基本上就这些。掌握这几个查询和配置项，大多数锁等待问题都能快速定位。关键是建立监控习惯，别等问题严重了才查。
