PHP 8 所有新特性一览和代码示例

// 0、下载解压源码
wget https://downloads.php.net/~pollita/php-8.0.0RC2.tar.gz
tar zxvf php-8.0.0RC2.tar.gz
cd php-8.0.0RC2

// 1、生成 configure 文件
./buildconf --force

// 2、配置构建流程（最小化安装）
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php8 \
--with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php8 \
--enable-cli \
--without-iconv

// 3、构建 && 安装
make && sudo make install

// 4、拷贝配置文件
sudo cp php.ini-development /usr/local/php8/php.ini

alias php8="/usr/local/php8/bin/php"

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

/**
 * 定义一个支持联合类型的 Number 类
 */ 
class Number {
    private int|float $number;
 
    public function setNumber(int|float $number): void {
        $this->number = $number;
    }
 
    public function getNumber(): int|float {
        return $this->number;
    }
}

/**
 * 我们可以传递浮点型和整型值到 Number 对象
 */
$number = new Number();

$number->setNumber(5);

var_dump($number->getNumber());

$number->setNumber(11.54);

var_dump($number->getNumber());

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);


class FooBar {
    public WeakMap $cache;

    public function __construct() {
        $this->cache = new WeakMap();
    }

    public function getSomethingWithCaching(object $obj) {
        return $this->cache[$obj] ??= $this->computeSomethingExpensive($obj);
    }

    public function computeSomethingExpensive(object $obj) {
        var_dump("I got called");
        return rand(1, 100);
    }
}

$cacheObject = new stdClass;

$obj = new FooBar;
// "I got called" 只会打印一次
$obj->getSomethingWithCaching($cacheObject);
$obj->getSomethingWithCaching($cacheObject);

var_dump(count($obj->cache));

// 删除该对象后 WeakMap 会释放相应内存
unset($cacheObject);

var_dump(count($obj->cache));

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

/**
 * 传递数组到 array_rand，类型正确，但是 array_rand 期望传入的是非空数组
 * 所以会抛出 ValueError 异常
 */
array_rand([], 0);

/**
 * json_decode 的深度参数必须是有效的正整型值，
 * 所以这里也会抛出 ValueError 异常
 */
json_decode('{}', true, -1);

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

class A {
    public function method(int $many, string $parameters, $here) {

    }
}
class B extends A {
    public function method(...$everything) {
        var_dump($everything);
    }
}

$b = new B();
$b->method('i can be overwritten!');
exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

class Test {
    public function doWhatever(): static {
        // Do whatever.
        return $this;
    }
}

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

class Test {

}

$test = new Test();

var_dump($test::class);
var_dump(get_class($test));
exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

class Foo {}
class Bar {}

$names = ['Foo', 'Bar'];
$class = new ($names[array_rand($names)]);

var_dump($class);

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

class Foo {
    public function __toString() {
        return 'I am a class';
    }
}

$obj = new Foo;
var_dump($obj instanceof Stringable);

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);


trait MyTrait {
    abstract private function neededByTheTrait(): string;

    public function doSomething() {
        return strlen($this->neededByTheTrait());
    }
}

class TraitUser {
    use MyTrait;

    // 支持该语法
    private function neededByTheTrait(): string { }

    // 不支持该语法 (错误的返回类型)
    // private function neededByTheTrait(): stdClass { }

    // 支持该语法 (非静态方法变成了静态方法)
    // private static function neededByTheTrait(): string { }
}

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

$callable = fn() => throw new Exception();

$nullableValue = null;

// $value 是非空的
$value = $nullableValue ?? throw new \InvalidArgumentException();


exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

function method_with_many_arguments(
    $a,
    $b,
    $c,
    $d,
) {
    var_dump("this is valid syntax");
}

method_with_many_arguments(
    1,
    2,
    3,
    4,
);

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

$nullableValue = null;

try {
    $value = $nullableValue ?? throw new \InvalidArgumentException();
} catch (\InvalidArgumentException) {
    var_dump("Something went wrong");
}

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

function debug_function(mixed ...$data)
{
    var_dump($data);
}

debug_function(1, 'string', []);

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

// 首先，我们需要定义注解，注解本身只是一个原生的 PHP 类，并且自身被打上了注解的注释

#[Attribute]
class ApplyMiddleware
{
    public array $middlware = [];

    public function __construct(...$middleware)
    {
        $this->middleware = $middleware;
    }
}

// 下面的语法会添加上述注解到 MyController 类，并且传入 auth 作为参数

#[ApplyMiddleware('auth')]
class MyController
{
    public function index()
    {
    }
}

// 然后我们就可以在类中使用反射获取所有的 ApplyMiddleware 注解并读取给定的中间件参数

$reflectionClass = new ReflectionClass(MyController::class);

$attributes = $reflectionClass->getAttributes(ApplyMiddleware::class);

foreach ($attributes as $attribute) {
    $middlewareAttribute = $attribute->newInstance();
    var_dump($middlewareAttribute->middleware);
}

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

class User {
    public function __construct(
        public int $id,
        public string $name,
    ) {}
}

$user = new User(1, 'Marcel');

var_dump($user->id);
var_dump($user->name);

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

echo match (1) {
    0 => 'Foo',
    1 => 'Bar',
    2 => 'Baz',
};

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

class User {
    public function getAddress() {}
}

$user = new User();

$country = $user?->getAddress()?->country?->iso_code;

var_dump($country);

exit;

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

array_fill(start_index: 0, num: 100, value: 50);

exit;