Java 并发编程面临的常见挑战是什么？

import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class FileWriteChallenge {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);

        // Create a shared file writer
        BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("output.txt"));

        // Execute multiple threads to write to the file
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            executor.submit(() -> {
                // Acquire a lock to synchronize access to the file writer
                synchronized (writer) {
                    try {
                        // Write to the file
                        writer.write("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " is writing.\n");

                        // Flush the buffer to ensure data is written to the file immediately
                        writer.flush();
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            });
        }

        // Shutdown the executor service to wait for all threads to complete
        executor.shutdown();

        // Close the file writer
        writer.close();
    }
}