
异常处理是构建健壮且用户友好的应用程序的关键部分。在 spring boot 中,我们可以通过多种方式处理异常,以确保我们的应用程序保持稳定并向用户提供有意义的反馈。本指南将涵盖异常处理的不同策略,包括自定义异常、全局异常处理、验证错误和生产最佳实践。
异常是扰乱程序正常流程的事件。它们可以分为:
创建自定义异常类有助于处理应用程序中的特定错误情况。
package com.example.springbootrefresher.exception;
public class departmentnotfoundexception extends runtimeexception {
public departmentnotfoundexception(string message) {
super(message);
}
}
@exceptionhandler 注释:
您可以在控制器类中定义处理异常的方法。
package com.example.springbootrefresher.controller;
import com.example.springbootrefresher.exception.departmentnotfoundexception;
import org.springframework.http.httpstatus;
import org.springframework.http.responseentity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.exceptionhandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.getmapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.restcontroller;
@restcontroller
public class departmentcontroller {
@getmapping("/department")
public string getdepartment() {
// simulate an exception
throw new departmentnotfoundexception("department not found!");
}
@exceptionhandler(departmentnotfoundexception.class)
public responseentity<string> handledepartmentnotfoundexception(departmentnotfoundexception ex) {
return new responseentity<>(ex.getmessage(), httpstatus.not_found);
}
}
要全局处理异常,可以使用@controlleradvice和集中式异常处理程序。
package com.example.springbootrefresher.error;
import com.example.springbootrefresher.entity.errormessage;
import com.example.springbootrefresher.exception.departmentnotfoundexception;
import org.springframework.http.httpstatus;
import org.springframework.http.responseentity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.controlleradvice;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.exceptionhandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.responsestatus;
import org.springframework.web.context.request.webrequest;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.responseentityexceptionhandler;
@controlleradvice
@responsestatus
public class customresponseentityexceptionhandler extends responseentityexceptionhandler {
@exceptionhandler(departmentnotfoundexception.class)
public responseentity<errormessage> handledepartmentnotfoundexception(departmentnotfoundexception exception, webrequest request) {
errormessage message = new errormessage(
httpstatus.not_found.value(),
exception.getmessage(),
request.getdescription(false)
);
return responseentity.status(httpstatus.not_found)
.body(message);
}
@exceptionhandler(exception.class)
public responseentity<errormessage> handleglobalexception(exception exception, webrequest request) {
errormessage message = new errormessage(
httpstatus.internal_server_error.value(),
exception.getmessage(),
request.getdescription(false)
);
return responseentity.status(httpstatus.internal_server_error)
.body(message);
}
}
定义标准错误响应类来构建错误消息。
package com.example.springbootrefresher.entity;
public class errormessage {
private int statuscode;
private string message;
private string description;
public errormessage(int statuscode, string message, string description) {
this.statuscode = statuscode;
this.message = message;
this.description = description;
}
// getters and setters
public int getstatuscode() {
return statuscode;
}
public void setstatuscode(int statuscode) {
this.statuscode = statuscode;
}
public string getmessage() {
return message;
}
public void setmessage(string message) {
this.message = message;
}
public string getdescription() {
return description;
}
public void setdescription(string description) {
this.description = description;
}
}
spring boot 与 bean validation (jsr-380) 集成良好。要全局处理验证错误,请使用@controlleradvice。
package com.example.springbootrefresher.error;
import org.springframework.http.httpstatus;
import org.springframework.http.responseentity;
import org.springframework.validation.fielderror;
import org.springframework.web.bind.methodargumentnotvalidexception;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.controlleradvice;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.exceptionhandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.responsestatus;
import org.springframework.web.context.request.webrequest;
import java.util.hashmap;
import java.util.map;
@controlleradvice
@responsestatus
public class validationexceptionhandler extends responseentityexceptionhandler {
@exceptionhandler(methodargumentnotvalidexception.class)
public responseentity<map<string, string>> handlevalidationexceptions(methodargumentnotvalidexception ex) {
map<string, string> errors = new hashmap<>();
ex.getbindingresult().getallerrors().foreach((error) -> {
string fieldname = ((fielderror) error).getfield();
string errormessage = error.getdefaultmessage();
errors.put(fieldname, errormessage);
});
return new responseentity<>(errors, httpstatus.bad_request);
}
}
对于简单的情况,可以用@responsestatus注解异常类来指定http状态码。
package com.example.SpringBootRefresher.exception;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
public class DepartmentNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
public DepartmentNotFoundException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
spring boot 中的异常处理涉及使用 @exceptionhandler、@controlleradvice 和 @responsestatus 等注释来有效地管理错误。通过创建自定义异常、处理验证错误并遵循最佳实践,您可以构建强大的应用程序,以优雅地处理错误并向用户提供有意义的反馈。使用 java 17 功能可确保您的应用程序利用 java 生态系统中的最新改进。
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