explain是sql性能优化的基石,因为它能揭示查询执行的内部细节,通过分析type字段可判断访问方法的效率,如all为全表扫描需避免,ref或eq_ref则较优;extra字段中的using filesort和using temporary提示存在排序或临时表性能瓶颈,而using index表示索引覆盖是理想状态,结合key、rows等信息可精准定位问题并优化索引设计,使sql优化从经验驱动变为数据驱动的科学过程。

MySQL的执行计划分析,简单来说,就是通过
EXPLAIN
EXPLAIN
SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
EXPLAIN
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
它会返回一个表格,里面包含了许多列,每一列都提供了关于查询执行过程的关键信息。我们最常关注的几个核心字段包括:
id
SELECT
select_type
SIMPLE
PRIMARY
SUBQUERY
UNION
table
type
ALL
index
range
ref
eq_ref
const
system
possible_keys
key
NULL
key_len
ref
rows
filtered
Extra
理解这些字段的含义,是读懂执行计划,进而优化SQL的钥匙。
我刚开始接触SQL优化那会儿,也走了不少弯路,总是凭感觉去加索引,或者改写一些自认为“聪明”的SQL。结果呢,很多时候不仅没效果,反而可能适得其反。直到我真正开始用
EXPLAIN
为什么它是基石?因为它把那些平时你看不到的、数据库内部的“黑箱操作”给亮出来了。比如,你可能觉得一个简单的
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'completed'
EXPLAIN
type
ALL
rows
Extra
Using filesort
没有
EXPLAIN
EXPLAIN
type
EXPLAIN
ALL
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM products WHERE description LIKE '%apple%';
description
%
ALL
index
ALL
EXPLAIN SELECT id, name FROM users ORDER BY created_at;
created_at
range
type
WHERE id > 100 AND id < 200
WHERE status IN ('active', 'pending')EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2023-01-01' AND '2023-01-31';
order_date
ref
type
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE status = 'active';
status
eq_ref
type
EXPLAIN SELECT o.*, u.username FROM orders o JOIN users u ON o.user_id = u.id;
u.id
const
system
type
system
const
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM products WHERE product_id = 123;
product_id
当你看到
type
ALL
index
range
ref
rows
rows
type
Extra
Using filesort
ORDER BY
ORDER BY
ORDER BY
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE gender = 'male' ORDER BY age;
gender
age
Using filesort
Using temporary
GROUP BY
DISTINCT
UNION
GROUP BY
EXPLAIN SELECT DISTINCT user_id FROM logs WHERE action = 'login';
user_id
action
Using temporary
Using index
WHERE
EXPLAIN SELECT id, username FROM users WHERE status = 'active';
(status, id, username)
Using index
Using where
WHERE
ALL
index
WHERE
Using index condition
WHERE
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE 'A%' AND age > 20;
(name, age)
age > 20
每次看到
Using filesort
Using temporary
Extra
以上就是掌握MySQL执行计划分析优化SQL查询性能的实用技巧的详细内容,更多请关注php中文网其它相关文章!
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