Python super() 关键字详解：掌握继承中的方法调用机制

class Parent:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        print(f"Parent's __init__ called for {self.name}.")

    def greet(self):
        print(f"Hello from Parent, I am {self.name}.")

class Child(Parent):
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        # 调用父类的__init__方法
        super().__init__(name)
        self.age = age
        print(f"Child's __init__ called for {self.name}, age {self.age}.")

    def greet(self):
        print(f"Hello from Child, I am {self.name} and {self.age} years old.")

# 实例化子类
child_instance = Child("Alice", 10)
child_instance.greet()

Parent's __init__ called for Alice.
Child's __init__ called for Alice, age 10.
Hello from Child, I am Alice and 10 years old.

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, species="unknown"):
        self.species = species
        print(f"--- Animal instance of {self.species} created. ---")

    def make_sound(self):
        print(f"{self.species} makes a generic sound.")

class Dog(Animal):
    def __init__(self, name, breed):
        print(f"Dog's __init__ started for {name}.")
        super().__init__("dog") # 调用父类的__init__
        self.name = name
        self.breed = breed
        print(f"Dog '{self.name}' of breed '{self.breed}' initialized.")

    def make_sound(self):
        print(f"Dog '{self.name}' says: Bark!") # 子类特有行为
        super().make_sound() # 调用父类的make_sound方法
        print(f"Dog '{self.name}' finishes barking.") # 子类后续行为

class Cat(Animal):
    def __init__(self, name, color):
        print(f"Cat's __init__ started for {name}.")
        super().__init__("cat") # 调用父类的__init__
        self.name = name
        self.color = color
        print(f"Cat '{self.name}' of color '{self.color}' initialized.")

    def make_sound(self):
        super().make_sound() # 先调用父类的make_sound方法
        print(f"Cat '{self.name}' says: Meow!") # 子类特有行为
        print(f"Cat '{self.name}' purrs softly.") # 子类后续行为

# 场景一：Dog 类的行为
print("\n--- Testing Dog ---")
my_dog = Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever")
my_dog.make_sound()

# 场景二：Cat 类的行为
print("\n--- Testing Cat ---")
my_cat = Cat("Whiskers", "Tabby")
my_cat.make_sound()

--- Testing Dog ---
Dog's __init__ started for Buddy.
--- Animal instance of dog created. ---
Dog 'Buddy' of breed 'Golden Retriever' initialized.
Dog 'Buddy' says: Bark!
dog makes a generic sound.
Dog 'Buddy' finishes barking.

--- Testing Cat ---
Cat's __init__ started for Whiskers.
--- Animal instance of cat created. ---
Cat 'Whiskers' of color 'Tabby' initialized.
cat makes a generic sound.
Cat 'Whiskers' says: Meow!
Cat 'Whiskers' purrs softly.

print(Dog.__mro__)
# 输出: (<class '__main__.Dog'>, <class '__main__.Animal'>, <class 'object'>)