Python抽象基类：构建统一接口与强制方法实现的实践指南

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

# 定义一个抽象基类
class Component(ABC):
    """
    所有系统组件的抽象基类，定义了组件必须实现的核心方法。
    """
    def __init__(self, name: str):
        """
        组件的初始化方法。
        虽然__init__可以被定义为抽象方法，但通常它会有一个基础实现
        或者不作为抽象方法强制子类实现（除非子类需要特定的__init__签名）。
        在这里，我们提供一个基础实现。
        """
        self.name = name
        print(f"Component '{self.name}' initialized.")

    @abstractmethod
    def tick(self):
        """
        抽象方法：更新组件状态。
        所有继承自Component的子类必须实现此方法。
        """
        pass # 抽象方法通常没有实现体，或只包含pass

    @abstractmethod
    def kill(self):
        """
        抽象方法：销毁组件。
        所有继承自Component的子类必须实现此方法。
        """
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def complete(self):
        """
        抽象方法：标记组件任务完成。
        所有继承自Component的子类必须实现此方法。
        """
        pass

# 尝试实例化抽象基类 (会报错)
# try:
#     abstract_component = Component("Abstract")
# except TypeError as e:
#     print(f"Error instantiating abstract class: {e}")

# 实现一个具体的子类
class GameCharacter(Component):
    """
    一个具体的游戏角色组件。
    """
    def __init__(self, name: str, health: int):
        super().__init__(name)
        self.health = health
        print(f"GameCharacter '{self.name}' created with health {self.health}.")

    def tick(self):
        print(f"GameCharacter '{self.name}' is ticking. Health: {self.health}")
        # 模拟生命值减少
        self.health -= 1
        if self.health <= 0:
            self.kill()

    def kill(self):
        print(f"GameCharacter '{self.name}' has been killed.")

    def complete(self):
        print(f"GameCharacter '{self.name}' has completed its mission.")

# 另一个具体的子类
class EnvironmentObject(Component):
    """
    一个具体环境对象组件。
    """
    def __init__(self, name: str, state: str):
        super().__init__(name)
        self.state = state
        print(f"EnvironmentObject '{self.name}' created with state '{self.state}'.")

    def tick(self):
        print(f"EnvironmentObject '{self.name}' is performing its routine in state '{self.state}'.")
        # 模拟状态变化
        if self.state == "active":
            self.state = "inactive"
        else:
            self.state = "active"

    def kill(self):
        print(f"EnvironmentObject '{self.name}' has been removed from the environment.")

    def complete(self):
        print(f"EnvironmentObject '{self.name}' has fulfilled its purpose.")

# 实例化具体的子类
character = GameCharacter("Hero", 10)
environment_prop = EnvironmentObject("Tree", "active")

print("\n--- Simulating ticks ---")
for _ in range(3):
    character.tick()
    environment_prop.tick()

character.complete()
environment_prop.complete()

# 尝试创建一个未实现所有抽象方法的子类 (会报错)
class IncompleteComponent(Component):
    def tick(self):
        print("IncompleteComponent ticking.")
    # 缺少 kill() 和 complete() 方法

# try:
#     incomplete = IncompleteComponent("Broken")
# except TypeError as e:
#     print(f"\nError instantiating incomplete class: {e}")