php pdo中PDOStatement 类的bindParam和bindValue方法的区别

bool PDOStatement::bindParam ( mixed $parameter , mixed &$variable [, int $data_type = PDO::PARAM_STR [, int $length [, mixed $driver_options ]]] )<pre name="code" class="php">bool PDOStatement::bindValue ( mixed $parameter , mixed $value [, int $data_type = PDO::PARAM_STR ] )

<pre name="code" class="php">$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=dbtest;charset=utf8','user','pass');
$st = $db->prepare('select * from tabletest where id = ?');
$id = 1;
$st->bindParam(1,$id,PDO::PARAM_INT);
//$st->bindValue(1,$id,PDO::PARAM_INT);

$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=dbtest;charset=utf8','user','pass');
$st = $db->prepare('select * from tabletest where id = ?');
$st->bindParam(1,1,PDO::PARAM_INT);
//$st->bindValue(1,1,PDO::PARAM_INT);

Fatal error: Cannot pass parameter 2 by reference

$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=dbtest;charset=utf8','user','pass');
$st = $db->prepare('select * from tabletest where id = ?');
$id = 1;
$st->bindParam(1,$id,PDO::PARAM_INT);
$id = 2;
$st->execute();
$rs = $st->fetchAll();
print_r($rs);

$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=dbtest;charset=utf8','user','pass');
$st = $db->prepare('select * from tabletest where id = ?');
$id = 1;
$st->bindValue(1,$id,PDO::PARAM_INT);
$id = 2;
$st->execute();
$rs = $st->fetchAll();
print_r($rs);

$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=dbtest;charset=utf8','user','pass');
$st = $db->prepare('insert into tabletest(id,name) values(?,?)');
$params = array(1,'张三');
foreach($params as $k => $v){
    $index = $k + 1;
    $st->bindParam($index,$v);
}
$st->execute();

insert into tabletest(id,name) values(1,'张三');

insert into tabletest(id,name) values('男','男');