『行远见大』手把手教你学 Python：基础篇（二）

# 使用反斜杠，实现转义字符的功能print("\")              # 打印反斜杠# print("")             # 非法输出print("	a")             # 空个tab再打印aprint("hello
world!")   # 
 实现文本换行# 但在字符串前面加r，表示直接显示原始字符串，不进行转义print(r"hello
world!")

# 单引号、双引号都能用作转义字符和输出文本sentence1 = 'I'm a programmer.'sentence2 = "K&R said "Hello, world!""# 妙用单引号、双引号可以使书写更优雅sentence3 = 'K&R said "Hello, world!"'print(sentence1)print(sentence2)print(sentence3)'''
三引号用来注释段落
'''paragraph = '''
这是一个
由多行句子
构成的段落
'''print(paragraph)

print("1." + "{0} said "{1}, {2}!"".format("K&R","Hello","world"))print("2." + '{a} said "{b}, {c}!"'.format(a="K&R",b="Hello",c="world"))print("3." + '{0} said "{b}, {c}!"'.format("K&R",b="Hello",c="world"))# print("4." + '{a} said "{b}, {2}!"'.format(a="K&R",b="Hello","world"))  # 非法输出

print("{0}".format("打印文本内容"))print("{{0}}".format("不打印文本内容"))# 打印浮点数，会四舍五入print("{0:.1f}{1}".format(12.345,"GB"))print("{0:.2f}{1}".format(12.345,"GB"))print("{0:.3f}{1}".format(12.345,"GB"))

# Python自带的List文档# list?# help(list)# dir(list)

list1 = [123]
list2 = [456]print(list1 > list2)print(list1 < list2)
list3 = list1 + list2print(list3)
list4 = [123, 456]print((list1 > list2) and (list3 == list4))print((list1 > list2) or (list3 == list4))

str = "shanghai"print(str)print(str[0])               # 打印单个元素print(str[0:5])             # [起始位置：结束位置：步进值]print(str[0:8:2])print(str[:6])              # 左闭右开print(str[6:])print(str + " 魔都")        # 使用 + 操作符进行字符串拼接print(str * 3)              # 使用 * 操作符进行字符串重复打印print((str+" ") * 3)

# 列表中可以存储混合类型testlist = [1, "列表"]print(type(testlist[0]))print(type(testlist[1]))

namelist = ["A", "B", "C"]print(namelist[0], namelist[1], namelist[2])# 用for循环语句打印列表里的元素，其优点是只需要两行代码for name in namelist:    print(name)# len()可以得到列表的长度print(len(namelist))# 用while循环语句打印列表里的元素，其优点是可以通过下标的变化，拿到每一个项，并对它们进行操作。length = len(namelist)
i = 0while i < length:    print(namelist[i], end=" ")
    i += 1

# append 函数，在末尾追加一个元素namelist = ["A", "B", "C"]for name in namelist:    print(name, end=" ")

nametemp = input("请输入添加学生的姓名：")
namelist.append(nametemp)# 打印增加姓名后列表的数据for name in namelist:    print(name, end=" ")

# extend 函数a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [4, 5, 6]
a.append(b)     # 将列表当成一个元素，加入到 a 列表中print(a)        # 形成了列表的嵌套a = [1, 2, 3]
a.extend(b)     # 将 b 列表中的每个元素，逐一追加到列表中print(a)

# 查看列表嵌套的元素schoolname = [["北京大学","清华大学"],["上海大学","浙江大学"],["厦门大学","中山大学"]]print(schoolname[0])print(schoolname[0][0])print(schoolname[1])print(schoolname[1][0])

# insert 函数a = [1, 2, 3]
a.insert(1, 0)  # 第一个变量表示下标，第二个变量表示元素（对象）print(a)        # 指定下标位置插入元素

namelist = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]# delete 函数，在指定位置删除一个元素del namelist[2]# pop 函数，弹出末尾最后一个元素namelist.pop()# remove 函数，删除指定内容的元素namelist.remove("D")# 打印删除元素后，列表里剩余的数据for name in namelist:    print(name, end=" ")

namelist = ["A", "B", "C", "B", "B"]# 注意：如果列表有重复内容，remove只删除第一个namelist.remove("B")for name in namelist:    print(name, end=" ")

namelist = ["A", "B", "C"]# 修改指定下标的元素内容namelist[1] = "D"for name in namelist:    print(name, end=" ")

# 修改一段元素a = range(7)
b = list(a)
b[3:5]=(8, 9)print(b)

# count 函数对列表中的某一元素进行计数mylist = ["a","b","c","a","b"]print(mylist.count("a"))
mylist.count("c")

# index 函数用以搜索在list中第一个出现的元素mylist = ["a","b","c","a","b"]# 可以查找指定下标范围的元素，并返回找到对应数据的下标print(mylist.index("a",1,4))  
print(mylist.index("a",0,4))    # 只会找到重复内容的第一个元素print(mylist.count("a"))        # 统计某个元素出现了几次# print(mylist.index("a",1,3))  # 找不到会报错，因为范围区间，左闭右开 [1,3)

# in/not in 判断元素是否在列表中mylist = ["a","b","c","a","b"]"C" in mylist

mylist = ["a","b","c","a","b"]"D" not in mylist

# 用if语句查找列表中的元素alphabet = input("请输入一个英文字母：")if alphabet in mylist:    print("在列表中找到了相同的英文字母：%s" % alphabet)else:    print("没有找到")

# 升序a = [1, 4, 5, 2, 3]# sort(reverse=false)，默认等于Falsea.sort()print(a)# 降序a = [1, 4, 5, 2, 3]
a.sort(reverse=True)print(a)

a = [1, 4, 5, 2, 3]# 将列表所有元素反转a.reverse()print(a)

# 分片拷贝list1 = [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2]
list2 = list1[:]
list3 = list1
list1.sort()print(list1, list2, list3)# 如果没有[:]，list2就会像list3那样随着list1改变而改变，list2是把list1里的值作为一条新的数据进行存储，而list3只是把数据指向了list1

import random# 创建有3个元素的空列表，每个元素都是一个空列表offices = [[],[],[]]

names = ["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h"]for name in names:
    index = random.randint(0,2)   # 三个办公室
    offices[index].append(name)   # 八位老师一个一个地添加入officesi = 1for office in offices:    # 用 len（）长度表示办公室老师人数
    print("办公室 %d 的人数为：%d" % (i,len(office)))
    i += 1
    for name in office:        print("%s" % name , end="	")    print(" ")    print("-"*20)

# Python自带的Tuple文档# tuple?# help(tuple)# dir(tuple)

tup1 = ()           # 创建空的元组print(type(tup1))

tup2 = (1)print(type(tup2))   # 这不是元组，这是整型tup3 = (1, )print(type(tup3))

tup4 = (1, 2, 3)print(type(tup4))

'''
操作名称：其它类型对象转换成元组
操作方法：把对象放在里边，输出出来的就是元组了
'''mylist = [1, 2, 3, 4]
tup5 = tuple(mylist)print(type(tup5))'''
操作名称：元组的成员关系
操作方法：in/not in
'''tup6 = (1, 2, 3, 4)print(2 in tup6)print(5 not in tup6)'''
操作名称：得到重复元素数量
操作方法：count() 函数

操作名称：获取元组长度
操作方法：len() 函数

操作名称：获取元组元素最大值
操作方法：max()

操作名称：获取元组元素最小值
操作方法：min()
'''tup7 = (0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3)print(tup7.count(1))print(len(tup7))print(max(tup7))print(min(tup7))# 元组的标志是括号内有逗号tup8 = (8, )print(tup8 * 8)
tup9 = (8)print(tup9 * 8)

tup1 = ("abc", "def", "123", "456", "789")print(tup1[0])        # 访问元组中的元素，通过下标直接访问print(tup1[-1])       # 访问最后一个元素print(tup1[1:4])      # 左闭右开，进行切片tup2 = (123, 456)
tup3 = ("abc", "def")
tup4 = tup2 + tup3    # 元组的加法操作print(tup4)

tup5 = tup4del tup5              # 删除了整个元组变量# print(tup5)         # 会报错，tup5已被删除

# 修改元组元素tup6 = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)# tup6[1] = 0         # 非法操作# 更新和修改一个元组的方法是用分片tup7 = tup6[:1] + (0,) + tup6[2:]
tup7

# Python自带的Dict文档# dict?# help(dict)# dir(dict)

# 字典的定义info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}# 字典的访问print(info["name"])print(info["nickname"]) 
# print(info["age"])               # 访问了不存在的键，会报错print(info.get("age"))             # 使用get方法，没有找到对应的键，默认返回：Noneprint(info.get("age","18"))        # 没找到的时候，可以设定默认值print(info.get("name","行远见大")) # 找到则返回原值

info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}# 遍历字典中key、value、itemfor each_key in info.keys():	print(each_key)for each_value in info.values():	print(each_value)for each_item in info.items():	print(each_item)

# fromkeys函数mydict = {}                                              # 新建一个空白字典print(mydict.fromkeys((1, 2, 3)))                        # 添加键print(mydict.fromkeys((1, 2, 3), "number"))              # 添加值print(mydict.fromkeys(range(1, 4), "number"))print(mydict.fromkeys((1, 2, 3), ("one","two","three"))) # 添加多个值

a = {1:"one", 2:"two", 3:"three"}
b = a.copy()
c = aprint(b)print(c)# b = a.copy() 是浅拷贝在内存中的位置是不一样的，c = a 是赋值在内存中的位置是一样的print(id(a), id(b), id(c))

c = {1:"one", 2:"two", 3:"three"}
c[4] = "four"print(a)print(b)print(c)

# 增info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}
my_age = input("请输入你的年龄：")
info["age"] = my_ageprint(info["age"])print(info)# setdefault 函数info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}
info.setdefault("age", "19")print(info)# update 函数info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}
my_age = {"age": "20"}
info.update(my_age)print(info)

# 删# del 方法info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}del info["name"]print("删除name后：%s" % info)# print("删除后：%s" % info["name"])  # 删除了指定键值对后，再次访问会报错info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}print("删除前：%s" % info)del info# print("删除后：%s" % info)          # 删除字典后再访问，报错# clear 函数info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}print("清空前：%s" % info)
info.clear()print("清空后：%s" % info)            # 返回一个空的字典

# new_dic没有随info的变化而变化，即没删干净info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}
new_dic = info
info = {}print(info)print(new_dic)print("-" * 50)# new_dic随info的变化而变化info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}
new_dic = infoprint(info)
info.clear()print(info)print(new_dic)

my_dict = {1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three', 4: 'four', 5: 'five'}print(my_dict.pop(2))     # pop 函数弹出对应键的值print(my_dict.popitem())  # popitem 函数是弹出最后一个项

# 改info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖"}
info["nickname"] = "上海吴彦祖"print(info["nickname"])

# 查# 字典的查询有两部分，键的查询和值的查询info = {"name":"行远见大", "nickname":"魔都吴彦祖", "age":18}print(info.keys())      # 得到所有的键：dict_keys(['name', 'nickname', 'age'])print(info.values())    # 得到所有的值：dict_values(['行远见大', '魔都吴彦祖', 18])print(info.items())     # 得到所有的项，每个键值对是一个元组# 遍历所有的键for key in info.keys():    print(key)# 遍历所有的值for value in info.values():    print(value)# 遍历所有的键值对for key,value in info.items():    print("keys = %s, ""value = %s" % (key, value))

mylist = ["a","b","c","d"]for x in mylist:    print(x)# 使用枚举函数 enumerate，同时拿到列表中的下标和元素内容for i,x in enumerate(mylist):    print(i+1, x)

# Python自带的Set文档# set?# help(set)# dir(set)

print(set([1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]))

num1 = { }print(type(num1))
num2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}print(type(num2))# 集合不支持索引 index# num2[2]

# 不使用 Setnum3 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

temp = [ ]for each in num3:	if each not in temp:
		temp.append(each)print(temp)# 使用 Set'''
操作名称：其它类型对象转换成集合
操作方法：set()
'''print(set(num3))'''
操作名称：获取集合长度
操作方法：len()
'''print(len(set(num3)))'''
操作名称：获取最大的元素
操作方法：max()
操作名称：获取最小的元素
操作方法：min()
'''print(max(set(num3)))print(min(set(num3)))

# 增'''
操作名称：向集合添加元素
操作方法：add方法
'''my_set = set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
my_set.add(6)
my_set

# 删'''
操作名称：移除集合中的元素
操作方法：remove方法
'''my_set = set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
my_set.remove(4)print(my_set)'''
操作名称：弹出元素
操作方法：pop方法
'''my_set.pop()# 弹出最后一个元素print(my_set.pop())print(my_set)'''
操作名称：清除元素
操作方法：clear方法
'''my_set.clear()print(my_set)'''
操作名称：删除集合
操作方法：del
'''del my_set# print(my_set)

# 查my_set = set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])print(0 in my_set)print("0" in my_set)'''
操作名称：遍历集合
操作方法：通过for循环
'''for i in my_set:    print(i, end=" ")

# 请在此处作答第一题my_list = [229, 10, 331, 58, 520, 123]

# 请在此处作答第二题

# 请在此处作答第三题a = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]# 补全代码并使程序正常运行print(b)

# 请在此处作答第四题 distance = []
height = []

start = 100.0    # 起始高度time = 10        # 次数# 补全代码并使程序正常运行

# 请在此处作答第五题print("来玩石头剪刀布啦，这次是三局两胜制~")import random

all_choices = ['石头', '剪刀', '布']# 补全代码并使程序正常运行win_list = [ ]
prompt = '''请出拳:
(0) 石头
(1) 剪刀
(2) 布
'''cwin = 0pwin = 0# 补全代码并使程序正常运行while :    

    print('你出了：%s,计算机出了：%s' % (player, computer))    if player == computer:        print('平局')    elif [player, computer] in win_list:        print('你赢了！')
        pwin += 1

    else:        print('你输了！')
        cwin += 1else:    if cwin > pwin:        print('三局两胜！你输了！')    else:        print('三局两胜！你赢了！')